About+Modern+Rhetoric


 * **20 th  Century Rhetoric **

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 * Early 20 th  century rhetoric dramatically determined by 2 wars. After WWI rhetoric became obsessed with communication because people were convinced that the war was the result of failure of communication –everyone was completely confused by others’ intentions.
 * Then came Hitler and Mussolini and rhetoric became focused on ethics – an investigation of lies and deceit. Burke Attitudes Towards History is good book.
 * Rhetoric become again a valuable interdisciplinary theory of language and meaning
 * Language and meaning, ethics and ideology, argument and knowledge recur and overlap at each stage of development in 20 th  century
 * University of Chicago – 1950’s and 60’s neo-Aristotelian movement (Weaver, McKeon, Booth, Kinneavy) –rhetoric is true basis of the discipline for pedagogy and research
 * 60’s and 70’s self-expression appears and chief alternative to current-traditional model. Expressivism as response to political events (Vietnam) and increase in admissions to college – required new approaches to basic writing – “authentic voice” as alternative to impersonal and oppressive establishment
 * 1970’s process mode – psychological approach reminiscent of communication theory movement –clear affinities with 5 canons
 * “academic discourse theory” – genres of academic writing and conventions of address
 * **Themes:**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">all language is metaphorical
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">'truth' in discourse is not transferred directly from reality but is instead constructed
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the interpretation of such 'truth' must account for the constraints of context
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">context includes not only social characteristics such as politics and economics, but also such psychological variables as personality, race, and gender || * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 24px;">Bakhtin
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 24px;">Bazerman
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 24px;">Bitzer
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 24px;">Booth
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 24px;">Burke
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 24px;">Butler
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 24px;">Covino
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 24px;">Crosswhite
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Dillon
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Gates
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Glenn
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Kennedy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Lakoff
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Miller
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Murphy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Ong
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Perelman
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Pratt
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Prior
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Richards
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Vitanza
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Weaver
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Winterowd