Bolter

==Jay Bolter. //Writing Space: Computer Hypertext and the Remediation of Print// ==

(2001)

 * History of writing from cuneiform and hieroglyphics to the computer. Historical perspective. A continuum of change in space.
 * Ch 1. All forms of writing are spatial, each technology gives a different space.
 * Ch 2. What the reader and writer understand is conditioned by the physical character for the books they use. Novel qualities or computers as a writing medium.
 * Chs. 3-5. Contemporary critical Theory—Derrida in particular emphasis on underlying cultural assumptions—sophist?
 * Ch 6 moves from writing as act to books and other text units. Idea of the book—electronic encyclopedias etc.
 * Chs. 7&8 examination of the electronic book
 * Ch 9 Argues that electronic media” in a curious way seems likely to end the recent and sometimes bitter debate between traditionalists and contemporary theorists. For the traditional reader electronic wirting offers little comfort; it will infact confirm much of what deconstructionists and others have been saying about the instability of ? and decreasing authority of the author”
 * Closing—mind as writing space. Artificial intelligence, electronic signs, conceptions of mind and culture. Foucault might say hypertextual episteme. Writing cultures sense of self and mind implications of new info text.
 * Prophecy and warning for humanists and a historical era for techies.
 * We are in the late age of print.
 * The web is hypertext for us today; importance of graphics, animation, video and audio
 * In past they were afraid of the printed book: Victor Hugo’s Notre Dame de Paris 1484, the priest sees printed books as an end rather than a beginning. Thought human thought would change its mode of expression (ie Ong) so fear and excitement. Tension between print and digital continuum
 * Future—electronic books, many advantages, but print still viable, will remain so for certain uses—for new critics as Luddites. Fear of movement from printed word. Boulter ties to Gutenberg
 * “Critics accuse computer of promoting homogeneity in our society of producing uniformity through automation but electronic reading and writing seem to have just the opposite effect” same was said of press at first.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Move over analytic argument
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">“If the printing press was the classic writing machine, the computer constitutes a technology of writing beyond mechanization, a post industrial form of writing”
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Ch 3. Hypertext and the Remediation of print; hypertext links are more efficient—pinpoint information, ease of revision, spatial—topoi, topics. Gives a physical connection to previously berbally connected ideas (hypertext links) non linear for organization—outlining 3 dimensional.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Hieroglyph, alaphabet, writing scrolls, paper, vellum, press, computer…building
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Nelson felt literature was a system of interconnected writings—intertextuality—a fact. We enhances the global reach.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Each medium: handwriting, print, hypertext, has own set of genres.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Genre or genre set for digital medium is interactive fiction, applications for education and entertainment. Hypertext heads the underlying technology.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Ch 4. The breakout of the visual. Images dominate. Thereis image in printed page—less in traditional nonfiction, more in art books.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">We are post literate, so image a secondary
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">“The death of prose will never be complete because our culture will want to keep the patient alive so that the mutual remediation with digital media can continue” Remediation: to remedy or overcome. Reciprocal remediation between graphics and verbal texts
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Reader to viewer: like Rebus poetry. Viewer to reader: Ekphrastic. Novels to films. Films to novels (new phenomenon) sea change: visual now on top.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">“we have been turning in this visual/prose death roll: pictographs to hieroglyphs to alphabet—nothing new.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">This book is 2001—pre facebook.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Part II many characters “The electronic book”
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Refashioned dialogues: medieval codex patterned by rubrication and various sizes of letters, modern book with paragraphed pages, computers with text windows and screen images.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Plato feared writing and its control of new space. Is Plato’s fear feigned as he draws readers to written word? Boulter says yes.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">From dialogue to essay to web page. Platonic dialogue is hybrid—dialogue on paper.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Move from linear—Derrida, Glas—two books side by side.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Discussion boards: dialogues, multiple dialogues.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Interactive fiction: Joyce Aferborn; reader makes choices—like a treasure hunt—many paths.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">James joyce as hypertext—Ullyses, Finnegan’s Wake, encyclopedic
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Ch 8 Critical theory in a new writing space 60s 70s debate over academic uses of literature. End of authority—reader guided.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Ch 9. Writing the Self. Cartesian self influence as analytic tool—like Ong. Postmodern self. Electronic self
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; color: #000000; font-family: serif; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Ch 10 Network Cultures: news groups